Abstract: As connectivity becomes critical for business growth in remote and underserved markets, understanding the key technologies driving this change is essential. This explainer summarises the latest advances in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks, 5G Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), fibre optic broadband, and hybrid models that combine multiple technologies. Learn how global players like Starlink and Amazon’s Project Kuiper are transforming rural Australia alongside Telstra, Optus, and NBN Co. 

Explainer: Key Connectivity Technologies in Australia

1. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Networks (e.g. Starlink)

LEO satellites, like those deployed by Starlink (SpaceX) and soon Project Kuiper (Amazon), are revolutionising internet connectivity, especially in remote regions. Unlike traditional geostationary satellites, which orbit far from Earth and suffer from high latency, LEO satellites operate much closer, reducing latency and increasing speed. This makes them ideal for rural Australia, where fixed-line broadband is often impractical or too costly.

Starlink has already gained over 200,000 Australian users​ (see Advanced Television), offering speeds around 100-150 Mbps with low latency (around 40ms) (see Canstar Blue). Other players like OneWeb are also preparing to offer competitive LEO services in collaboration with local providers like Optus.

2. 5G Networks and Fixed Wireless Access

5G networks promise faster speeds, higher capacity, and lower latency than 4G, and they are especially useful in densely populated urban areas. However, 5G also extends to Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), allowing providers to offer broadband services in rural areas where laying fiber is not feasible.

Telstra, Optus, and TPG Telecom are all rolling out 5G services across Australia, with Telstra being the most significant player in the market​ ACCC. Fixed wireless has been critical for many regional areas where traditional broadband is scarce, but it’s still limited by distance and network congestion.

3. Fibre Optic Broadband Expansion

Fibre optic broadband, such as the National Broadband Network’s (NBN) Fibre to the Premises (FTTP) or Fibre to the Node (FTTN) services, provides high-speed, reliable internet by transmitting data as light through glass fibres. While fibre is the gold standard for internet speed and reliability, it’s expensive and challenging to deploy in Australia’s vast rural and remote regions.

NBN Co continues to upgrade parts of the network to full fibre in urban and suburban areas, with speeds of up to 1 Gbps. However, NBN’s Sky Muster satellite and Fixed Wireless options are the fallbacks for remote areas, with speeds significantly lower than fibre. See ​ ACCC,  Canstar Blue.

4. Hybrid Models (LEO + Traditional Networks)

Hybrid models, combining the strengths of LEO satellites with traditional broadband (fibre or fixed wireless), are becoming increasingly popular. This model provides a more resilient network, where satellite connections complement existing infrastructure.

Companies like Telstra are starting to offer such hybrid solutions. Telstra’s partnership with Starlink allows it to bundle satellite services with its existing fixed-line and 4G networks, offering reliable connectivity even in Australia’s most remote areas​. See Information Age , Canstar Blue .

Conclusion

Each of these technologies has a role to play in improving connectivity in Australia. LEO satellites are the most transformative for remote areas, while 5G and fixed wireless are critical for suburban and semi-rural locations. Fibre expansion remains the best option for urban centers. Hybrid models are also gaining traction as they combine the best of both worlds, offering flexibility and reliability across varied landscapes.

About Venture Insights

Venture Insights is an independent company providing research services to companies across the media, telco, and tech sectors in Australia, New Zealand, and Europe.

For more information go to www.ventureinsights.com.au or contact us at contact@ventureinsights.com.au